The wildfire was blazing a clear path toward a Canadian lakeside tourist spot in British Columbia with a population of 222,000 people.
The fire advanced on the city of Kelowna for 19 days — consuming 976 hectares, or about 2,400 acres — of forest. But at the suburban fringes, it encountered a fire prevention zone and sputtered, burning just a single house.
The fire prevention zone — an area carefully cleared to remove fuel and minimize the spread of flames — was created by a logging company owned by a local Indigenous community. And as a new wildfire has stalked the suburb of West Kelowna this month, its history with the previous one — the Mount Law fire, in 2021 — offers a valuable lesson: A well-placed and well-constructed fire prevention zone can, under the right conditions, save homes and lives.
It’s a lesson not only for Kelowna but also for a growing number of places in Canada and elsewhere threatened by increased wildfire amid climate change.
“When you think about how wildfire seasons are playing out, if we invested more into the proactive, then we would need less of that reactive wildfire response,” said Kira Hoffman, a wildfire researcher at the University of British Columbia. “We’re not going to see probably the effects of a lot of this mitigation and treatment for 10 or 20 years. But that’s when we’re really going to need it.”
Wildfires are an essential component of the natural cycle of forests, but in recent years, more of them have grown so big that containment is nearly impossible. Fire prevention zones — created in the off season — can help slow approaching blazes so that people can escape, and can also enable firefighters to gain control over some areas.
The creation of these zones is being greeted with renewed interest in parts of Canada, including in the western provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. Interest has especially peaked in Indigenous communities, which have been most affected by the country’s wildfires.
Ten times as many acres have burned in Canada this year than all of last fire season, at times sending smoke as far south as Georgia and as far east as Europe. The current fire in West Kelowna has breached areas that lack fire prevention zones, consuming 110 buildings and upending the lives of about 30,000 evacuees in the area.
By contrast, the 50-acre fire resistant zone starved the in 2021 fire, allowing firefighters to suppress it, keeping it away from houses.
The logging company, Ntityix Development, that created that fire prevention zone drew in part on traditional Indigenous forestry practices, including thinning the forest; cleaning up debris on the floor; and burning the debris and ground cover in a controlled way to prevent it from becoming fuel for wildfires — an act once banned by the provincial government.
“This was the first test of any of the work that we’ve done and it indicates to me that it works,” said Dave Gill, the general manager of forestry at Ntityix Development, which is owned by the Westbank First Nation, as he walked through the still largely intact forest a few weeks before this year’s fire began. “It certainly stopped it advancing.”
Ntityix’s strategy helps slow fires by reducing the flammability of forests showered by airborne embers, the main way wildfires spread, said Dr. Hoffman, a former wildfire fighter.
In 2015, six years before the Mount Law fire threatened Kelowna, Mr. Gill began creating the fire prevention zone, called the Glenrosa project, named after a forested neighborhood in West Kelowna. A key objective was keeping any fires on the forest floor.
“If you have a fire and it’s on a surface, it’s fairly easy to contain or to fight,” Mr. Gill said. “But as soon as it gets up into the crowns, it’s game over.”
The project also conserved mature trees with thick fire resistant bark and only harvested less valuable but more combustible young trees — a reversal of customary forestry practice.
Before coming to Ntityix, Mr. Gill, who is not Indigenous, had a decades long career in government, as well as with commercial forestry and consulting companies.
He said the First Nation’s elders, who have instructed him to manage the forest on a 120-year timeline, and his Indigenous co-workers changed how he thinks about the forest. “We’re leaving the trees that have the most timber value behind,” Mr. Gill, said. “This is trying to just instill a different paradigm in the way that you look at the forest, not just putting dollar signs on trees.”
After thinning the forest, Ntityix crews finished the project in 2016 by pruning the lowest 10 or 12 feet of limbs on the remaining trees so that they won’t become a ladder for fire to climb. The accumulated debris from the forest floor was either chipped and trucked away or burned.
In the areas where it is logging, Ntityix does not clear cut, the standard industry practice, but does some selective logging and leaves stands of fire resistant deciduous trees intact.
While billions of dollars have been spent putting out Canadian wildfires — British Columbia alone spent nearly 1 billion Canadian dollars in 2021 — funding for measures to make forests less welcoming to flames has generally been modest. Nor has the value of such measures been fully embraced by everyone in Canada’s forestry establishment.
Although more mitigation efforts are needed, their general effectiveness is being undermined by the growing intensity and size of wildfires, said Mike Flannigan, a wildfire scientist at Thompson Rivers University in Kamloops, British Columbias.
“When things get extreme, the fire will do what the fire will do,” he said. “Unless you treat 40 percent of the landscape, it’s not going to work because the fire will just go around it or jump over.”
Dr. Hoffman, however, is less pessimistic, and says that not enough large-scale risk reduction has been attempted to judge its effectiveness.
“There are not a lot of economic incentives for doing” what Ntityix did, Dr. Hoffman said. “It’s not really sexy to go and take out six-inch pine from the forest.”
The measures taken by Ntityix and other companies, many of them owned by First Nations communities or their members, are labor intensive and costly. The company has committed 100,000 Canadian dollars a year to carrying out a variation of its work that turns logging roads into wildfire mitigation zones, a process that will likely take decades.
Craig Moore — a member of the Syilx Okanagan Nation, in British Columbia — is also a former municipal firefighter and owns a company that does fire mitigation in forests.
During an interview at his company, Rider Ventures, in Vernon, British Columbia, he recalled how his efforts slowed a fire in the province in 2021. Mr. Moore said that afterward, the area’s wildfire ranking fell from 6 — the most severe on the province’s scale — to 2, giving firefighters the chance to save 500 homes.
“Having water and trees are our biggest things,” Mr. Moore said, standing amid a forest where his company had worked. “If we lose that, we’re all going to perish pretty fast.”