The arc of Vatican rhetoric on sexual issues is long, and it doesnât bend much at all. On October 30, 1986, the Vaticanâs Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith released a letter to bishops, âOn the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons,â which was signed by the officeâs prefect, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger. In 1975, the C.D.F., formerly known as the Holy Office, had made a distinction between the homosexual âconditionâ and homosexual acts, calling the latter âintrinsically disordered.â A result, the 1986 letter lamented, was that in the following years âan overly benign interpretation was given to the homosexual condition itself, some going so far as to call it neutral, or even good.â Then the C.D.F. got to the main point: âAlthough the particular inclination of the homosexual person is not a sin, it is a more or less strong tendency ordered toward an intrinsic moral evil; and thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorderâ and as âessentially self-indulgent.â The October 30th document came to be known as the Halloween Letter. At a grim moment in the AIDS pandemic, the Catholic Church, with an opportunity to show compassion to gay men, instead used terse, forbidding language to reaffirm its teaching against gay sexual activity and âthe homosexual condition itself.â
Much has changed in the Churchâs approach in the thirty-eight years since. The U.S. bishops eventually issued a statement framed as âa response to the H.I.V./AIDS crisis,â taking a kinder, gentler tone than that of the C.D.F. letter. Lesbians and gay men, including the Catholic writer Andrew Sullivan, initiated a movement for gay marriage, and it gained force, with gay marriage eventually becoming recognized by the U.S. government, and by nations worldwide. Pope Francis, four months after his election, in 2013, said, of gay clergymen, âWho am I to judge?â He spoke approvingly of civil protections for a gay couple in a 2019 interview with a Mexican broadcaster. He met with transgender women in St. Peterâs Square and received them again at a luncheon in the Vatican. In October, the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, or D.D.F.âan office that replaced the C.D.F., as part of a reorganization of the Roman curiaâanswered a Brazilian bishopâs query by affirming that transgender people can be baptized and can serve as godparents âunder certain conditions.â In December, the D.D.F. issued âFiducia Supplicans,â a document authorizing priests to bless people living in âirregular situationsâ and âcouples of the same sex.â Catholic traditionalists decried the document; a group of bishops in Africa issued a joint statement saying that they would not allow such blessings in their dioceses. Yet, through all this, the Vatican did not alter its official characterization of homosexuality as an âobjective disorder,â nor its declaration (found in âCatechism of the Catholic Church,â from 1992) that âeveryone, man and woman, should acknowledge and accept his sexual identityââthe biological sex he or she is born with, that is.
When Francis was elected, the doctrinal office was run by Archbishop Gerhard Müller, a traditionalist who had been appointed by Pope Benedict XVIâthe former Cardinal Ratzinger. Müller eventually set himself against the new Pope, suggesting, for example, that Francisâs apparent solicitude, in the 2016 apostolic exhortation âAmoris Laetitia,â toward Catholics who divorced and remarried was at odds with Church teaching. In 2017, Francis declined to renew Müllerâs appointment, and promoted his deputy, Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer, a Spanish Jesuit. Finally, last July, after the D.D.F. was reorganized, Francis appointed his own close associate, VÃctor Manuel Fernández, a fellow-Argentine who was then an archbishop, to lead it. In a public letter to the new prefect, Francis warned against a âdesk-bound theologyâ infused with âa cold and harsh logic that seeks to dominate everything.â He urged the D.D.F. to be open to fresh âcurrents of thought in philosophy, theology, and pastoral practiceâ and stressed that the office must maintain Catholic doctrine, âbut not as an enemy who critiques and condemns.â Francis made Fernández a cardinal in September. In October, the Vatican hosted a monthlong Synod on Synodality assembly, which brought some four hundred and fifty Church leaders from around the world to Rome, to take part in daily sessions meant to foster a âlisteningâ and âdiscerningâ Church. The synod process (which began in local churches worldwide in 2021) was promoted as a key initiative of Francisâs pontificate, and as a new way of proceeding for the Vatican.
This Monday, the D.D.F. released âDignitas Infinita,â a document, five years in preparation, about âthe dignity of the human person in Christian anthropology.â Its release was expected, and it was characterized by the press as unsurprisingââsomething of a repackaging of previously articulated Vatican positions, read now through the prism of human dignity,â as Nicole Winfield, an Associated Press correspondent based in Rome, put it. The document reiterates the Churchâs stands against abortion and euthanasia, and amplifies its opposition to surrogate motherhood and what it calls âsex changeâ procedures. But, for the first time in a document of this stature, it groups those practices with broader phenomena that the Church opposes, such as war, economic inequality, human trafficking, âthe marginalization of people with disabilities,â cruelty to migrants, violence against women, sexual abuse, and the death penalty, among others. According to Fernández, last November Pope Francis urged the office to make the document present issues connected to matters of human dignity, the personal and the social, as parts of a wholeâa striking departure from the Churchâs way of framing issues involving the body in terms of individual moral conduct. This approach has upset many for seeming to establish false equivalences. But the document has been praised in the Catholic press: the news site Crux saw it âuniting Pope Francisâs progressive social agenda with the traditional moral and ethical concerns of his predecessors.â
The document is thick with citations of past statements by Francis, Benedict, and Pope John Paul II. Building on last Decemberâs blessing of âcouples of the same sex,â it affirms the Churchâs opposition to discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. But it complains that âthe concept of human dignity is occasionally misused to justify an arbitrary proliferation of new rights.â It denounces âgender theoryâ for seeking to obscure, or do away with, the âfoundationalâ quality of âsexual difference,â which belongs to the body created âin the image of God,â and it rejects any âsex-change intervention,â insisting that respect for oneâs humanity must begin with respect for the body âas it was created.â
While âDignitas Infinitaâ is the most important statement to be issued by the D.D.F. under the new prefect, it is best seen as a final expression of the old C.D.F.âs admonitory approach. For example, the fresh social emphasis Francis evidently sought to give it by grouping sex and gender with affronts to human dignity serves instead to point up the offhand, ad-hominem quality of its remarks on gender identity. Consider this passage: âDesiring a personal self-determination, as gender theory prescribes . . . amounts to a concession to the age-old temptation to make oneself God, entering into competition with the true love of God revealed to us in the Gospel.â In the nearly twelve-thousand-word text, that passage stands out both for its extreme rhetoric and its denunciation of individual behavior. It comes amid a dense, footnoted passage about the interaction of gender theory and human rights; suddenly the reader is presented with a citation-free sketch of an abstract individual, as imagined by a curial official. This individual is not credited with any effort of reflection or discernmentânot seen as striving to join the physical and social aspects of personhood to the inward person (which some trans people identify as the God-given person), or as seeking to reconcile body and soul, as Christian believers have always sought to do. This individual is simply said to be succumbing to the temptation âto make oneself God.â Thus gender identity, whose complexities call for a complex response informed by emerging currents of thought, is fit into the Vaticanâs textbook critique of post-Enlightenment social movements, and reduced to one more iteration of individual self-determination run amokâthe way the Vatican characterized gay life a generation ago.
At a press conference about the new document, when Winfield from the A.P. asked Cardinal Fernández whether the Church might consider withdrawing the term âintrinsically disordered,â the prefect admitted that the phrase âneeds to be explained a lotâ and added, âPerhaps we could find a clearer expression.â Indeed, the arc that the Vaticanâs approach to homosexuality has taken in the past four decadesâfrom a âconditionâ to be dealt with to a way of being that can be blessedâmight have prompted the D.D.F.âs theologians, as they give greater attention to gender-identity issues, to consider adopting some nuance and a stance of humility toward them.
Fortunately, there is an opportunity for the Vatican to really change its approach. At last Octoberâs Synod gathering, participants discussed sex and gender intermittently, but their comments were largely kept out of the summary document, which emphasized procedural matters. This October, the participants will return to Rome for another month of collective listening and discernment. This time, gender identity should be firmly on the agenda. With that singular passage in the new document, the Vatican has put it there. â¦